相对于 can,could,may,might 和 must 等情态动词而言,need 和 dare 或 have to,be able to 等短语常被称为半情态动词,其中 need 和 dare 既可以作为情态动词,也可以作为实义动词,而 have to 和 be able to 等短语在意义和语气上与情态动词用法比较相似,所以也被归入到情态动词的用法中。
一、have to
1、短语 have to 不是情态动词或助动词,其中的 have 是实义动词,它的基本句型结构是:主语 + 助动词 + have + to 不定式,例如:
主语 | 助动词 | 实义动词 | to 不定式 | ||
+ | She | has | to work. | ||
- | I | do not | have | to see | the doctor. |
? | Do | you | have | to go | to school? |
2、have to 表达非主观的义务行为,它侧重于客观需要,含有“不得不”或 “被迫”之意,通常是由一个独立的外部力量(例如法律或校规)强制采取行动,例如:
In France, you have to drive on the right.
在法国,你必须靠右行驶。
In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
在英国,大多数学生必须穿校服。
John has to wear a tie at work.
约翰上班必须打领带。
解析:从以上例句可以看出,“义务”不是主体的意见或想法,而是来自外部。
3、have to 可以用于所有的时态,且可以与情态动词连用,例如:
100 | 主语 | 助动词 | 实义动词 | to 不定式 | |
一般过去时 | I | had | to work | yesterday. | |
com一般现在时 | I | have | to work | today. | |
一般将来时 | I | will | have | to work | tomorrow. |
现在进行时 | She | is | having | to wait. | |
现在完成时 | We | have | had | to change | the time. |
may | They | may | have | to do | it again. |
4、have to 的否定式是 don't have to,相当于 needn't,译为“不得不”,例如:
You don't have to be alone with him and I don't think you ought to be.
你不必单独跟他呆在一起,而且我认为你也不该这样。
You don't have to shout at me.
你没必要朝我嚷嚷。
二、must
1、must 是情态动词,后面跟实义动词,它的基本句型结构是:主语 + must + 动词原形(不带 to 不定式) + 其他,例如:
主语 | must | 实义动词 | |
I | must | go | home. |
You | must | visit | us. |
We | must | stop | now. |
2、侧重于说话者的主观看法,认为有必要或有义务去做某事,例如:
I must stop smoking.
我必须戒烟。
You must visit us soon.
你必须尽快来拜访我们。
He must work harder.
他必须更加努力地工作。
解析:从以上例句可以看出,“义务”全是来自说话者的意见或想法。
注意:must 有的时候也会用于真的“义务”,但通常 have to 用于真的“义务”。
3、可以使用 must 来谈论现在或将来,但不能用来谈论过去,谈论过去只能用 have to,例如:
现在:
I must go now.
我现在必须走了。
将来:
I must call my mother tomorrow.
我明天必须给我妈妈打电话。
4、must 的否定式 mustn’t,表示禁令或禁律,禁止的可以是主观的(说话者的意见或看法),也可以是客观的(真正的法律法规或规则),译为“一定不要”、“不允许”,例如:
I mustn't eat so much sugar.
我不能吃那么多糖。
You mustn't watch so much television.
你不应该看那么多电视。
解析:以上两句是说话者主观的看法。
Students must not leave bicycles here.
学生们不能把自行车留在这里。
Policemen must not drink on duty.
警察执勤时不得饮酒。
解析:以上两句是是真实的规则和法规。
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