比尔·盖茨TED演讲 | 一个人的成长离不开反馈
Teachers need real feedback
演讲者： Bill Gates
语言： 英语
简介： 2013 | 直到现在，很多教师每年得到的教学反馈都仍只是一个词：“满意”。这种千篇一律的教学反馈，和与之配套的实际优化训练的缺失，着实无益于课堂教学的进步。诚如比尔·盖茨所言，好的反馈甚至能帮助最优秀的教师取得新的进步。基于这种理念，盖茨的基金会展开了一个MET项目，致力于将好的反馈带入每个课堂，全面改善教育现状，实现教学相长。
💬 中英对照翻译
Everyone needs a coach. It doesn't matter whether you're a basketball player, a tennis player, a gymnast or a bridge player.
每一个人都需要一位教练。无论你是篮球运动员，网球运动员，体操选手或者是打桥牌的。
My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg, says there are more pictures of the back of her head than anyone else's in the world. (Laughter)Sorry, Sharon. Here you go.
我的桥牌教练，Sharon Osberg，说包含她后脑勺的照片比世界上其他任何人的都多。（笑声）抱歉，Sharon。这张应该可以了。
We all need people who will give us feedback. That's how we improve. Unfortunately, there's one group of people who get almost no systematic feedback to help them do their jobs better, and these people have one of the most important jobs in the world. I'm talking about teachers. When Melinda and I learned how little useful feedback most teachers get, we were blown away.
我们都需要能给我们反馈信息的人。这是我们不断自我发展的方式。遗憾的是，有一群人几乎收不到系统化的反馈信息来提高他们的工作效率，而这一群人从事着世界上最重要的职业之一。我指的就是老师们。当Melinda和我了解到大部分老师得到的有用的反馈有多么少时，我们惊呆了。
Until recently, over 98 percent of teachers just got one word of feedback: Satisfactory. If all my bridge coach ever told me was that I was "satisfactory," I would have no hope of ever getting better. How would I know who was the best? How would I know what I was doing differently? Today, districts are revamping the way they evaluate teachers, but we still give them almost no feedback that actually helps them improve their practice.
直到最近，超过98%的老师得到的反馈只包含一个词：满意。如果我的桥牌教练只跟我说我的表现“令人满意”，我永远也不可能变得更好。我怎么知道谁是最好的？我怎么知道什么事我做的和别人不一样？现在，各个校区都在改进评估教师的方式，但是我们仍给他们很少能够提高他们工作水平的反馈信息。
Our teachers deserve better. The system we have today isn't fair to them. It's not fair to students, and it's putting America's global leader ship at risk. So today I want to talk about how we can help all teachers get the tools for improvement they want and deserve.
我们的教师应该受到更好的对待。今天我们在用的系统对他们不公平。这系统对学生也不公平，而且置美国的全球领导地位于水深火热之中。因此今天我想讲讲我们如何能帮助所有的老师获得他们想要而且值得获得的提高自己的工具。
Let's start by asking who's doing well. Well, unfortunately there's no international ranking tables for teacher feedback systems. So I looked at the countries whose students perform well academically, and looked at what they're doing to help their teachers improve. Consider the rankings for reading proficiency.
我们先来问问谁做得比较好。遗憾的是，国际上没有一个用来给评估老师的系统分等级的标准。所以我看了看那些拥有学术表现非常好的学生的国家，然后看看他们在做什么来帮助他们的教师提高教学水平。我们来看看阅读水平的排名。
The U.S. isn't number one. We're not even in the top 10. We're tied for 15th with Iceland and Poland. Now, out of all the places that do better than the U.S. in reading, how many of them have a formal system for helping teachers improve? Eleven out of 14.
美国并不是第一。我们甚至连前十都没能进入。我们和冰岛以及波兰并列排名第15名。在阅读水平方面做得比美国出色的地方中又有多少个拥有能帮助教师提高自己的正规流程？14个。
The U.S. is tied for 15th in reading, but we're 23rd in science and 31st in math. So there's really only one area where we're near the top, and that's in failing to give our teachers the help they need to develop their skills.
在阅读方面美国并列第15名，但在科学与数学方面我们分别排在第23名与第31名。因此我们只有一个方面排名比较靠前，而那就是无法提供给教师发展自己所需要的帮助。
Let's look at the best academic performer: the province of Shanghai, China. Now, they rank number one across the board, in reading, math and science, and one of the keys to Shanghai's incredible success is the way they help teachers keep improving.
我们来看看学业上表现最好的地区：中国的上海。他们在阅读，数学以及科学等所有方面排名都是第一，而上海能有这种令人惊讶的成功的关键之一就在于他们帮助教师不断自我发展的方式。
They made sure that younger teachers get a chance to watch master teachers at work. They have weekly study groups, where teachers get together and talk about what's working. They even require each teacher to observe and give feedback to their colleagues.
他们确保年轻的教师有机会看到资深教师授课。他们每周都有让老师聚在一起并讨论哪些教学方法比较有用的学习会。他们甚至要求每位老师观察他的同事并给他们反馈信息。
You might ask, why is a system like this so important? It's because there's so much variation in the teaching profession. Some teachers are far more effective than others. In fact, there are teachers through out the country who are helping their students make extraordinary gains. If today's average teacher could become as good as those teachers, our students would be blowing away the rest of the world. So we need a system that helps all our teachers be as good as the best.
也许你会问，为什么这样的系统那么重要？这是因为在教师这个职业中有太多的不同。有的教师的教学效率远远超过其他教师。事实上，在全国各地有一些老师正在帮助他们的学生实现难以想象的巨大进步。如果今天的普通老师能和那些老师一样好，我们的学生就可以在全世界独领风骚了。因此我们需要一个能使我们每一位教师和最好的教师一样好的系统。
What would that system look like? Well, to find out, our foundation has been working with 3,000 teachers in districts across the country on a project called Measures of Effective Teaching. We had observers watch videos of teachers in the classroom and rate how they did on a range of practices.
这样一个系统会是什么样子的？为了查明这个事情，我们的基金会和全国各个校区的3000多名老师合作开展了一个叫“有效教育方式”(MET)的项目。我们派遣观察员观看老师在教学中的录像并且评估他们所做的一系列事情。
For example, did they ask their students challenging questions? Did they find multiple ways to explain an idea? We also had student sfill out surveys with questions like, "Does your teacher know when the class understands a lesson?" "Do you learn to correct your mistakes?"
举例来说，他们有没有问学生具有挑战性的问题？他们有没有找到多种方式来解释一个概念？我们也让学生做包含如“你的老师是否知道整个班级听懂了一堂课？”“你是否学会了改正错误？”等问题的问卷。
And what we found is very exciting. First, the teachers who did well on these observations had far better student outcomes. So it tells us we're asking the right questions. And second, teachers in the program told us that these videos and these surveys from the students were very helpful diagnostic tools, because they pointed to specific places where they can improve. I want to show you what this video component of MET looks like inaction.
结果令我们非常惊喜。首先，在这些评测中表现很好的老师所教出来的学生也更好。这说明我们问的问题是对的。其次，参与这个项目的老师告诉我们这些录像以及向学生发放的调查问卷是非常有用的诊断工具，因为它们指明了教师们能够改进的具体环节。我想让你们看看MET中的视频部分是什么样的。
(Music)(Video)
（音乐）（录像）
Sarah Brown Wessling: Good morning everybody. Let's talk about what's going on today. To get started, we're doing a peer review day, okay? A peer review day, and our goal by the end of class is for you to be able to determine whether or not you have moves to prove in your essays.
Sarah Brown Wessling:大家早上好。让我们说说今天干些什么。首先，今天将会是一个“同学互评日”。这个“同学互评日”的目的就是在下课前大家可以好好判断自己作文是不是经得起推敲。
My name is Sarah Brown Wessling. I am a high school English teacher at Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.
我的名字是Sarah Brown Wessling。我在衣阿华州的Johnston的Johnston高中担任英语老师。
Turn to somebody next to you. Tell them what you think I mean when I talk about moves to prove. I've talk about --I think that there is a difference for teachers between the abstract of how we see our practice and then the concrete reality of it.
转向你们身边的一个人。告诉他们你认为我说“经得起推敲”时我是什么意思。我曾说过--我认为对于老师而言，我们对我们的表现的抽象看法和实际情况是有区别的。
Okay, so I would like you to please bring up your papers.
好的，请你们拿出你们的纸张。
I think what video offers for us is a certain degree of reality. You can't really dispute what you see on the video, and there is a lot to be learned from that, and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a profession when we actually get to see this. I just have a flip camera and a little tripod and invested in this tiny little wide-angle lens.
我认为视频给我们展现了某种程度的现实。你无法对你在视频中看到的表示异议，你从中能学到很多，而且当我们看到它时我们看到有很多方式能让我们的职业水平更上一层楼。我只有这个轻按相机和这个小小的三脚架并再花了一点钱买了这个微小的广角镜。
At the beginning of class, I just perch it in the back of the classroom. It's not a perfect shot. It doesn't catch every little thing that's going on. But I can hear the sound. I can see a lot. And I'm able to learn a lot from it. So it really has been a simple but powerful tool in my own reflection.
在开始上课的时候，我就把相机放在教室的后面。视角并非完美。它没法捕捉到发生的每一件事。但我能听见声音。我能看到很多。而且我能从中学到很多。因此它成了一个用于自我反思的简单而强大的工具。
All right, let's take a look at the long one first, okay?
好的，我们先看看比较长的一段，怎么样？
Once I'm finished taping, then I put it in my computer, and then I'll scan it and take a peek at it. If I don't write things down, I don't remember them.
一旦录完了，我就把它放到电脑里，扫描一下然后看一眼。如果我不把东西写下来我就无法记住它们。
So having the notes is a part of my thinking process, and I discover what I'm seeing as I'm writing. I really have used it for my own personal growth and my own personal reflection on teaching strategy and methodology and classroom management, and just all of those different facets of the classroom.
因此记笔记也是我思考过程中的一部分，而当我在做记录时我也就发现了我在看的是什么。我把它用于我的个人成长以及关于教学方式，教学原则，课堂管理等各种各样的和课堂有关的方面的个人反思。
I'm glad that we've actually done the process before so we can kind of compare what works, what doesn't.
我很高兴我们以前做过类似的事情所以我们能通过比较得出孰优孰劣。
I think that video exposes so much of what's intrinsic to us as teachers in ways that help us learn and help us understand, and then help our broader communities understand what this complex work is really all about. I think it is a way to exemplify and illustrate things that we cannot convey in a lesson plan, things you cannot convey in a standard, things that you cannot even sometimes convey in a book of pedagogy.
我觉得视频揭示了大量的所对我们老师而言从根本上帮助我们学习和理解的方式方法，并且也帮助社会理解这个复杂的工作究竟是干嘛的。我认为这展现了一些事情他们是我们无法用教学计划，一个标准，甚至一个关于教育学的书来表达的。
Alrighty, everybody, have a great weekend. I'll see you later.
好了，大家，祝你们周末愉快。下次见。
[Every classroom could look like that]
[每一个教室都能像那样]
Bill Gates: One day, we'd like every classroom in America to look something like that. But we still have more work to do. Diagnosing areas where a teacher needs to improve is only half the battle. We also have to give them the tools they need to act on the diagnosis. If you learn that you need to improve the way you teach fractions, you should be able to watch a video of the best person in the world teaching fractions.
比尔盖茨：我们希望有一天全美的教室都可以像这样。但我们还有很多事要做。梳理出一位老师在什么地方需要改进只是战斗的一半。我们还要给他们能让他们基于诊断结果采取措施的工具。如果你知道你要提高自己教分数的方式，你应该可以看一段世上最好的人教分数的视频。
So building this complete teacher feedback and improvement system won't be easy. For example, I know some teachers aren't immediately comfortable with the idea of a camera in the classroom. That's understandable, but our experience with MET suggests that if teachers manage the process, if they collect video in their own classrooms, and they pick the lessons they want to submit, a lot of them will be eager to participate.
所以说建立一个完整的能给予老师反馈信息以及自我发展手段的系统不会简单。比如说，我知道一些老师对于在教室中放一个摄像机这样的想法感到不舒适。这是可以理解的，但是我们在MET中的经验说明了如果老师们能忍受这一个过程，如果他们在教室中录制视频，然后选择他们想提交的视频，很多老师会踊跃参与。
Building this system will also require a considerable investment. Our foundation estimates that it could cost up to five billion dollars. Now that's a big number, but to put it in perspective, it's less than two percent of what we spend every year on teacher salaries.
建立这样一个体系也会需要大量的投资。我们的基金会估计会花费多至50亿美元。这是一个庞大的数字，但如果我们换一个视角来看，这比我们每年付给老师的工资的2%还要少。
The impact for teachers would be phenomenal. We would finally have a way to give them feedback, as well as them eans to act on it.
这样一个系统对于老师的影响是无法估量的。我们终于会有一个能给他们反馈信息，并让他们照此采取措施的方式。
But this system would have an even more important benefit for our country. It would put us on a path to making sure all our students get a great education, find a career that's fulfilling and rewarding, and have a chance to live out their dreams. This wouldn't just make us a more successful country. It would also make us a more fair and just one, too.
但是这样一个系统对我们国家的好处会更大。它会让我们走上一条能确保我们的学生能收到良好教育，找到一份报酬丰厚而且令人满意的事业，并且让他们有机会实现自己的梦想的道路。这不仅会使我们的国家更成功。这也会使我们的国家更充满公平与正义。
I'm excited about the opportunity to give all our teachers the support they want and deserve. I hope you are too.
我为能给老师们他们想要且应得的支援的机会感到欣喜。我希望大家也是。
Thank you.(Applause)
谢谢。（掌声）
四川地震短文英语版
May 12th is an ordinary day in 2008,it is in this day that shocking earthquake happened in Sichuan province,China.The earthquake destroyed nearly everything in Wenchuan country Sichuan province. It was terrible.We can't describle the scene what we saw with any words.Thousands of people were injured even died. And thousands of children became such unlucky ones who lost fathers or mothers, they longed to have families to continue their lives.I am sympathetic to their fate ! But I believed that we can fight against the fate and change it.For example ,there many people keeping living without food or water for about 100 hours during the earthquake!
What an unbelievable thing it is !their great spirits showed the powerful life vitality of humans! However,they must keep fighting against the death .Many schools were destroyed and there were many students and teachers who left us forever.Sadness,hoplessness and different kinds of danger spreaded out here and there!
But ,fortunately ,love is around us :the Communist party helps us ,the army helps us ,the people all over the world help us .They offer us with money ,goods ,love and so on !For example ,li lian ji, a warm-hearted man ,offered us with 20 million yuan!
With the help of the such a large love ,we will over come the damage of the earthquake and face our beautiful future!
翻译:
5月12日是一个普通的一天在2008年，正是在这一天，令人震惊的地震发生在四川省，我国的地震几乎摧毁了一切，在汶川县国家四川省。这是terrible.we不能描述现场，我们看到的任何words.thousands的人受伤，甚至死亡。和成千上万的儿童成为这种倒霉的谁失去了父亲或母亲，他们渴望有家庭继续他们的lives.i很同情他们的命运！但我相信我们可以打击的命运和改变it.for例如，有许多人保持的生活没有食物或水约100个小时期间，地震！
什么是令人难以置信的事，这是！他们的伟大精神，显示了强大的生命活力，人类！不过，他们必须继续战斗反对死刑，很多学校被摧毁，当时有很多学生和老师谁给我们留下了forever.sadness ， hoplessness和不同种的危险分散，在这里和那里！
不过，幸运的是，爱是在我们身边：共产党帮助我们，军队帮助我们，全世界的人都帮助我们，他们为我们提供了用金钱，货物，爱情等问题！举例来说，李莲姬，热情好客的男子，为我们提供了与2000.0万元！
借助该这么大的爱，我们会超过来损害地震和面对我们的美好未来！
英语学习资料：老年“网红”走红中国社交媒体
An 83-year-old fashion blogger known as Grandpa Kang in Wuhan, Hubei province, inspires millions of people online. [Photo provided to chinadaily]
In the first half of last year, Tan Zhouhai was a villager in the central Chinese province of Hunan, shooting short videos of his rural life and uploading them to the inter to attract potential customers for local agricultural products.
去年上半年，谭周海还是华中地区湖南省一名普通村民。他将自己的农村生活拍成短视频传到网上，为当地农产品吸引潜在客户。
Tan was used to his videos receiving dozens, sometimes a few hundred, likes from his audience on Chinese social media. That changed when he uploaded a video of his 83-year-old grandfather dancing along to a popular song called Little Apple gained 10,000 likes.
当时，谭周海习惯了自己的视频在中国社交媒体上获得观众的数十个、有时是数百个赞。当他把他83岁的爷爷随着流行歌曲《小苹果》跳舞的视频传到社交媒体并得到一万个赞后，情况变了。
Inspired by this unexpected success, Tan asked his grandfather to perform regularly for his account, called Countryside Plump Dahai, in videos featuring the 30-year-old cooking for the elderly man, who has lost all his teeth, wearing a pair of round sunglasses for added ic effect. The account now has 1.6 million fans and has accumulated at least 3 million likes.
受此意外成功启发，谭周海请他爷爷定期为其账号“农村胖大海”表演节目。视频中，这个30岁的年轻人为牙齿全掉光的爷爷做饭。爷爷戴着一副圆形太阳镜，以增加喜剧效果。这个账号现在有160万粉丝，累计点赞数达至少300万个。
谭周海爷爷的日常：
“Before my grandfather joined me, my account was just an ordinary one about food and was unnoticed on the inter,” Tan told the South China Morning Post. “With my grandfather in my videos, my account expresses filial piety, family love and panionship. Many of my fans have said they were touched. They said they liked my grandfather and think he is so cute.”
谭周海对《南华早报》记者说：“在我爷爷加入之前，我的账号只是一个在网上默默无闻的普通美食账号。爷爷出现后，我的视频表现出孝心、亲情和陪伴。我的许多粉丝都说他们很感动。他们说喜欢我爷爷，觉得他很可爱。”
Tan’s grandfather is just one of a number of elderly people, including some octogenarians, who have taken Chinese social media by storm by breaking the public stereotype of the typical senior citizen.
包括一些八旬老人在内的众多老人打破了公众对老年人的刻板印象，征服了中国社交媒体。谭周海的爷爷只是其中之一。
octogenarian [ˌɒktədʒəˈneəriən]：n.八十岁到八十九岁的人
The country’s top two short video apps Douyin and Kuaishou each have more than 400 million monthly active users. More than 70 percent are younger than 35 and, among those, around a third are aged between 24-30, according to Yu Siyao, an *** yst from LeadLeo Research Institute.
中国最大的两个短视频应用程序抖音和快手都有4亿多月活跃用户。头豹研究院分析师于思瑶(音)说，超过70%用户年龄在35岁以下，其中约三分之一在24岁至30岁之间。
“Videos with characters of young people’s parents or grandparents’ generation tend to receive multiple likes and ments,” Yu said.
于思瑶说：“有年轻人的父辈或祖辈出镜的视频往往会获得很多赞和评论。”
“This group of online celebrities gives the audiences freshness and surprise because of the contrast – they are old aged, but their mentality is not old at all,” she said, adding that there is a deep-rooted impression that elderly people are slow, bedridden by illness, lead boring lives and have been left behind by fashion and new technology.
她说：“这一类网红给观众带来新鲜感和惊喜是因为其中的反差。他们年龄大了，但心态一点也不老。”她还说，人们有一种根深蒂固的印象，认为老年人行动迟缓、缠绵病榻，过着无聊生活，被时尚和新技术甩在身后。
bedridden [ˈbedrɪdn]：adj.卧床不起的
One well-known online celebrity is a 98-year-old resident of Chengdu in the southwestern province of Sichuan. Nicknamed Food Aficionado Granny, she has 6.6 million fans of her videos in which she eats all kinds of dishes, from hotpot to sweet treats and hamburgers, acpanied with bottles of alcohol. Her exotic choices have included cola and durian.
中国西南部四川省成都市有一位98岁的网红，绰号“吃货奶奶”的她有660万粉丝。在视频中，她吃各种食物，火锅、甜食到汉堡，还佐以美酒。她还会选择具有异国情调的食物，包括可乐和榴莲。
aficionado [əˌfɪʃəˈnɑːdəʊ]：n.迷;狂热爱好者
一起来看看无辣不欢爱火锅的“吃货奶奶”：
Other online favourites include a 79-year-old woman known as Granny Wang Who Only Wears High-heeled Shoes – renowned for her good figure and elegant and stylish clothes – and Yaoyang’s Grandfather, an 80-year-old man who shares humorous stories of his everyday life in the dialect of northeastern China. They have 16 million and 13 million subscribers, respectively.
网络红人还有79岁的“只穿高跟鞋的汪奶奶”，她以身材好、穿着优雅时髦著称，以及80岁、用东北方言分享日常生活趣事的“耀杨他姥爷”。他们分别有1600万和1300万粉丝。
An 83-year-old fashion blogger known as Grandpa Kang in Wuhan, Hubei province, inspires millions of people online. [Photo provided to chinadaily]
Jiang Minci, an 89-year-old retired railway engineer in the southern city of Guangzhou, shot to fame in the past four months after releasing short videos on leading social media website bilibili. The videos, which chronicle her early days and show her cooking local cuisine, are regularly flooded by greetings of “Hello Granny!” from her audience.
在知名社交媒体网站哔哩哔哩上发布短视频后，广州89岁的退休铁路工程师江敏慈在过去4个月中迅速走红。这些视频讲述她的早年生活，展示她烹饪的当地美食，弹幕上常常是铺天盖地的“你好，奶奶!”的问候声。
来看看闯B站的89岁奶奶：
“I am happy to interact with young people. I feel their vitality and I feel I am younger than before. It seems to me that I have many more grandchildren,” Jiang told the Post.
江敏慈对《南华早报》说：“我很高兴与年轻人互动。我感受到他们的活力，感到自己比以前年轻了。我好像有了更多孙子孙女。”
Jiang said she became interested in short videos after seeing her 16-year grandson watching them on the inter and laughing a lot. She decided to share her own life experience with the younger generation.
她说，在看到16岁的孙子在网上观看短视频并哈哈大笑后，她对短视频产生了兴趣。她决定与年轻人分享自己的人生经历。
With her grandson’s help, each video takes about three hours to prepare but Jiang – who municates with friends on WeChat and pays for her shopping via online apps – said she was learning video editing skills and hoped she would soon no longer need his assistance.
在孙子帮助下，她花大约3个小时时间准备每段视频。但是，通过微信与朋友交流、通过网络应用程序支付购物费用的江敏慈说，她正在学习视频编辑技巧，希望很快不再需要孙子帮助。
Chen Duan, a data economy expert from Central University of Finance and Economics in Beijing, said developments in technology had made it easier for elderly people to use digital tools, leading to more of them being fans and bloggers of short videos.
中央财经大学数字经济专家陈端说，技术发展使老年人使用数字工具容易了一些，使更多老年人成了短视频的粉丝和博主。
“Not every old person can be popular on the inter. It depends on their media sense, their feel in front of the camera and their acting skills,” Chen said.
她说：“不是每个老人都能在网上走红。这取决于他们的媒体意识、镜头感和表演技巧。”
来源：南华早报、参考消息网
比尔盖茨ted演讲稿
比尔盖茨是一位杰出的风云人物，他曾多次在TED上发表演讲，以下是YJBYS我整理的其中一篇以“老师需要真正的教学反馈”为主题的演讲，分享给大家，希望大家喜欢。
比尔盖茨TED演讲
Teachers need real feedback
老师需要真正的教学反馈
Everyone needs a coach.
It doesn't matter whether you're a basketball player, a tennis player, a gymnast or a bridge player.
(Laughter)
每一个人都需要一位教练。
无论你是篮球运动员， 网球运动员，体操选手 或者是打桥牌的。
(笑声)
My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg, says there are more pictures of the back of her head than anyone else's in the world.
(Laughter) Sorry, Sharon.
Here you go.
我的桥牌教练，Sharon Osberg， 说包含她后脑勺的照片 比世界上其他任何人的都多。
(笑声) 抱歉，Sharon。
这张应该可以了。
We all need people who will give us feedback.
That's how we improve.
Unfortunately, there's one group of people who get almost no systematic feedback to help them do their jobs better, and these people have one of the most important jobs in the world.
I'm talking about teachers.
When Melinda and I learned how little useful feedback most teachers get, we were blown away.
Until recently, over 98 percent of teachers just got one word of feedback: Satisfactory.
If all my bridge coach ever told me was that I was "satisfactory," I would have no hope of ever getting better.
How would I know who was the best? How would I know what I was doing differently? Today, districts are revamping the way they evaluate teachers, but we still give them almost no feedback that actually helps them improve their practice.
Our teachers deserve better.
The system we have today isn't fair to them.
It's not fair to students, and it's putting America's global leadership at risk.
So today I want to talk about how we can help all teachers get the tools for improvement they want and deserve.
我们都需要能给我们反馈信息的人。
这是我们不断自我发展的方式。
遗憾的是，有一群人几乎收不到系统化的反馈信息来提高他们的工作效率， 而这一群人从事着世界上最重要的职业之一。
我指的就是老师们。
当Melinda和我了解到 大部分老师得到的有用的反馈有多么少时， 我们惊呆了。
直到最近，超过98%的老师 得到的反馈只包含一个词： 满意。
如果我的桥牌教练只跟我说 我的表现“令人满意”， 我永远也不可能变得更好。
我怎么知道谁是最好的? 我怎么知道什么事我做的和别人不一样? 现在，各个校区都在改进 评估教师的方式， 但是我们仍给他们很少能够 提高他们工作水平的反馈信息。
我们的教师应该受到更好的对待。
今天我们在用的系统对他们不公平。
这系统对学生也不公平， 而且置美国的全球领导地位于水深火热之中。
因此今天我想讲讲我们如何能帮助所有的老师 获得他们想要而且值得获得的提高自己的工具。
Let's start by asking who's doing well.
Well, unfortunately there's no international ranking tables for teacher feedback systems.
So I looked at the ountries whose students erform well academically, and looked at what they're doing to help their teachers improve.
Consider the rankings for reading proficiency.
The U.S.isn't number one.
We're not even in the top 10.
We're tied for 15th with Iceland and Poland.
Now, out of all the places that do better than the U.S.
in reading, how many of them have a formal system for helping teachers improve? Eleven out of 14.
The U.S.
is tied for 15th in reading, but we're 23rd in science and 31st in math.
So there's really only one area where we're near the top, and that's in failing to give our teachers the help they need to develop their skills.
我们先来问问谁做得比较好。
遗憾的是，国际上没有一个用来给评估老师的系统分等级的标准。
所以我看了看那些拥有学术表现非常好的学生的国家， 然后看看他们在做什么 来帮助他们的教师提高教学水平。
我们来看看阅读水平的排名。
美国并不是第一。
我们甚至连前十都没能进入。
我们和冰岛以及波兰并列排名第15名。
在阅读水平方面 做得比美国出色的地方中 又有多少个拥有能帮助教师提高自己的正规流程? 11个。
在阅读方面美国并列第15名， 但在科学与数学方面我们分别排在第23名与第31名。
因此我们只有一个方面排名比较靠前， 而那就是无法提供给教师 发展自己所需要的帮助。
Let's look at the best academic performer: the province of Shanghai, China.
Now, they rank number one across the board, in reading, math and science, and one of the keys to Shanghai's incredible success is the way they help teachers keep improving.
They made sure that younger teachers get a chance to watch master teachers at work.
They have weekly study groups, where teachers get together and talk about what's working.
They even require each teacher to observe and give feedback to their colleagues.
我们来看看学业上表现最好的地区： 中国的上海。
他们在阅读，数学以及科学等所有方面排名都是第一， 而上海能有这种令人惊讶的成功的关键之一就在于他们帮助教师不断自我发展的方式。
他们确保年轻的教师有机会看到资深教师授课。
他们每周都有让老师聚在一起并讨论哪些教学方法比较有用的学习会。
他们甚至要求每位老师观察他的同事并给他们反馈信息。
You might ask, why is a system like this so important? It's because there's so much variation in the teaching profession.
Some teachers are far more effective than others.
In fact, there are teachers throughout the country who are helping their students make extraordinary gains.
If today's average teacher could become as good as those teachers, our students would be blowing away the rest of the world.
So we need a system that helps all our teachers be as good as the best.
也许你会问，为什么这样的系统那么重要? 这是因为在教师这个职业中有太多的不同。
有的教师的教学效率远远超过其他教师。
事实上，在全国各地有一些老师正在帮助他们的学生实现难以想象的巨大进步。
如果今天的普通老师能和那些老师一样好， 我们的学生就可以在全世界独领风骚了。
因此我们需要一个能使我们每一位教师和最好的教师一样好的系统。
What would that system look like? Well, to find out, our foundation has been working with 3,000 teachers in districts across the country on a project called Measures of Effective Teaching.
We had observers watch videos of teachers in the classroom and rate how they did on a range of practices.
For example, did they ask their students challenging questions? Did they find multiple ways to explain an idea? We also had students fill out surveys with questions like, "Does your teacher know when the class understands a lesson?" "Do you learn to correct your mistakes?"
这样一个系统会是什么样子的? 为了查明这个事情，我们的基金会和全国各个校区的3000多名老师合作开展了一个叫“有效教育方式”(MET)的项目。
我们派遣观察员观看老师在教学中的录像 并且评估他们所做的一系列事情。
举例来说，他们有没有问学生 具有挑战性的问题? 他们有没有找到多种方式来解释一个概念? 我们也让学生做包含如 “你的老师是否知道 整个班级听懂了一堂课?” “你是否学会了改正错误?”等问题的问卷。
And what we found is very exciting.
First, the teachers who did well on these observations had far better student outcomes.
So it tells us we're asking the right questions.
And second, teachers in the program told us that these videos and these surveys from the students were very helpful diagnostic tools, because they pointed to specific places where they can improve.
I want to show you what this video component of MET looks like in action.
(Music)(音乐)
结果令我们非常惊喜。
首先，在这些评测中表现很好的老师所教出来的学生也更好。
这说明我们问的问题是对的。
其次，参与这个项目的老师告诉我们 这些录像以及向学生发放的调查问卷是非常有用的诊断工具， 因为它们指明了教师们能够改进的具体环节。
我想让你们看看MET中的视频部分 是什么样的。
(Video) Sarah Brown Wessling: Good morning everybody.
Let's talk about what's going on today.
To get started, we're doing a peer review day, okay? A peer review day, and our goal by the end of class is for you to be able to determine whether or not you have moves to prove in your essays.
(录像)Sarah Brown Wessling: 大家早上好。
让我们说说今天干些什么。
首先，今天将会是一个“同学互评日”。
这个“同学互评日”的目的就是在下课前 大家可以好好判断 自己作文是不是经得起推敲。
My name is Sarah Brown Wessling.
I am a high school English teacher at Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.
我在爱荷华州的Johnston的Johnston高中担任英语老师。
Turn to somebody next to you.
Tell them what you think I mean when I talk about moves to prove.
I've talk about --
转向你们身边的一个人。
告诉他们你认为我说“经得起推敲”时我是什么意思。
我曾说过--
I think that there is a difference for teachers between the abstract of how we see our practice and then the concrete reality of it.
我认为对于老师而言， 我们对我们的表现的抽象看法 和实际情况是有区别的。
Okay, so I would like you to please bring up your papers.
好的，请你们拿出你们的纸张。
I think what video offers for us is a certain degree of reality.
You can't really dispute what you see on the video, and there is a lot to be learned from that, and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a profession when we actually get to see this.
I just have a flip camera and a little tripod and invested in this tiny little wide-angle lens.
At the beginning of class, I just perch it in the back of the classroom.
It's not a perfect shot.
It doesn't catch every little thing that's going on.
But I can hear the sound.
I can see a lot.
And I'm able to learn a lot from it.
So it really has been a simple but powerful tool in my own reflection.
我认为视频给我们展现了某种程度的现实。
你无法对你在视频中看到的表示异议， 你从中能学到很多， 而且当我们看到它时我们看到有很多方式 能让我们的'职业水平更上一层楼。
我只有这个轻按相机和这个小小的三脚架 并再花了一点钱买了这个微小的广角镜。
在开始上课的时候，我就把相机放在教室的后面。
视角并非完美。
它没法捕捉到发生的每一件事。
但我能听见声音。
我能看到很多。
而且我能从中学到很多。
因此它成了一个用于自我反思的简单而强大的工具。
All right, let's take a look at the long one first, okay?
好的，我们先看看比较长的一段，怎么样?
Once I'm finished taping, then I put it in my computer, and then I'll scan it and take a peek at it.
If I don't write things down, I don't remember them.
一旦录完了，我就把它放到电脑里， 扫描一下然后看一眼。
如果我不把东西写下来我就无法记住它们。
So having the notes is a part of my thinking process, and I discover what I'm seeing as I'm writing.
I really have used it for my own personal growth and my own personal reflection on teaching strategy and methodology and classroom management, and just all of those different facets of the classroom.
因此记笔记也是我思考过程中的一部分， 而当我在做记录时我也就发现了我在看的是什么。
我把它用于我的个人成长 以及关于教学方式， 教学原则，课堂管理等 各种各样的和课堂有关的方面的个人反思。
I'm glad that we've actually done the process before so we can kind of compare what works, what doesn't.
我很高兴我们以前做过类似的事情 所以我们能通过比较得出孰优孰劣。
I think that video exposes so much of what's intrinsic to us as teachers in ways that help us learn and help us understand, and then help our broader communities understand what this complex work is really all about.
I think it is a way to exemplify and illustrate things that we cannot convey in a lesson plan, things you cannot convey in a standard, things that you cannot even sometimes convey in a book of pedagogy.
我觉得视频揭示了 大量的所对我们老师而言 从根本上帮助我们学习和理解的方式方法， 并且也帮助社会理解这个复杂的工作究竟是干嘛的。
我认为这展现了一些事情 他们是我们无法用教学计划， 一个标准，甚至一个关于教育学的书 来表达的。
Alrighty, everybody, have a great weekend.
I'll see you later.
好了，大家，祝你们周末愉快。
下次见。
[Every classroom could look like that]
[每一个教室都能像那样]
(Applause)(掌声)
Bill Gates: One day, we'd like every classroom in America to look something like that.
But we still have more work to do.
Diagnosing areas where a teacher needs to improve is only half the battle.
We also have to give them the tools they need to act on the diagnosis.
If you learn that you need to improve the way you teach fractions, you should be able to watch a video of the best person in the world teaching fractions.
比尔 盖茨：我们希望有一天全美的教室 都可以像这样。
但我们还有很多事要做。
梳理出一位老师在什么地方需要改进 只是战斗的一半。
我们还要给他们能让他们基于诊断结果 采取措施的工具。
如果你知道你要提高自己 教分数的方式， 你应该可以看一段 世上最好的人教分数的视频。
So building this complete teacher feedback and improvement system won't be easy.
For example, I know some teachers aren't immediately comfortable with the idea of a camera in the classroom.
That's understandable, but our experience with MET suggests that if teachers manage the process, if they collect video in their own classrooms, and they pick the lessons they want to submit, a lot of them will be eager to participate.
所以说建立一个完整的能给予老师 反馈信息以及自我发展手段的系统不会简单。
比如说，我知道一些老师 对于在教室中放一个摄像机这样的想法 感到不舒适。
这是可以理解的，但是我们在MET中的经验 说明了如果老师们能忍受这一个过程， 如果他们在教室中录制视频， 然后选择他们想提交的视频， 很多老师会踊跃参与。
Building this system will also require a considerable investment.
Our foundation estimates that it could cost up to five billion dollars.
Now that's a big number, but to put it in perspective, it's less than two percent of what we spend every year on teacher salaries.
建立这样一个体系也会需要大量的投资。
我们的基金会估计会花费多至50亿美元。
这是一个庞大的数字，但如果我们换一个视角来看， 这比我们每年付给老师的工资 的2%还要少。
The impact for teachers would be phenomenal.
We would finally have a way to give them feedback, as well as the means to act on it.
这样一个系统对于老师的影响是无法估量的。
我们终于会有一个能给他们反馈信息， 并让他们照此采取措施的方式。
But this system would have an even more important benefit for our country.
It would put us on a path to making sure all our students get a great education, find a career that's fulfilling and rewarding, and have a chance to live out their dreams.
This wouldn't just make us a more successful country.
It would also make us a more fair and just one, too.
但是这样一个系统对我们国家 的好处会更大。
它会让我们走上一条能确保 我们的学生能收到良好教育， 找到一份报酬丰厚而且令人满意的事业， 并且让他们有机会实现自己的梦想的道路。
这不仅会使我们的国家更成功。
这也会使我们的国家更充满公平与正义。
I'm excited about the opportunity to give all our teachers the support they want and deserve.
I hope you are too.
我为能给老师们 他们想要且应得的支援的机会感到欣喜。
我希望大家也是。
谢谢。
Thank you.
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